□ 吳華忠

    近年來，隨(sui)著國(guo)家經濟的(de)(de)(de)強大，建(jian)筑業(ye)市(shi)場(chang)迅猛發(fa)展(zhan)，給建(jian)筑施(shi)工企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)安全管理帶來新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)挑戰，如(ru)何應(ying)對施(shi)工中存在的(de)(de)(de)安全隱患，提高(gao)安全管理的(de)(de)(de)技術措施(shi)，是我(wo)們各級(ji)管理者的(de)(de)(de)責任。現在，就公司的(de)(de)(de)臨時施(shi)工用電(dian)我(wo)來談點(dian)看(kan)法。

    在公司(si)在建項目的臨(lin)電施工(gong)中(zhong)，我認為(wei)必(bi)須加強以下幾(ji)個(ge)方面的管理：

    一、加強(qiang)制度化、標準化管(guan)(guan)理(li)。有的項目(mu)部管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員安全(quan)意識淡薄，安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)和技術(shu)措施不到位，安全(quan)制度落實不夠，有章不循，隨意性較大(da)(da)，導(dao)致(zhi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)混亂，常見(jian)的安全(quan)通病，放任自流，熟視無睹。中國有句古話(hua)“小洞不補(bu)，大(da)(da)洞吃苦”。常見(jian)通病不管(guan)(guan)理(li)，必將(jiang)造成大(da)(da)隱患，發生嚴重事故(gu)。

    要做好安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)，必(bi)須實行制(zhi)度(du)化、標準化管理，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)管理者(zhe)的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)素(su)質。項目(mu)(mu)部(bu)施工(gong)管理人員必(bi)須以規范技術標準為準繩，根(gen)據項目(mu)(mu)部(bu)實際(ji)(ji)情況，以實際(ji)(ji)出發(fa)，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)為重，加(jia)強(qiang)學習培訓(xun)，增強(qiang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)用電技能，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)每(mei)個員工(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意識。管理者(zhe)從小事抓(zhua)起，管理好每(mei)道工(gong)序及(ji)每(mei)個部(bu)位(wei)不(bu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患，才能把安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患消除在(zai)萌芽中。

    二(er)、加(jia)強組織(zhi)設(she)計編制(zhi)，執行(xing)監督管理。國家建設(she)部專門(men)制(zhi)訂了行(xing)業用電技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)《施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)臨時用電安(an)全技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)》（JGJ 46—2005），明(ming)確(que)規定施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前必須嚴格(ge)編制(zhi)臨時用電專項方(fang)案(an)，制(zhi)訂有(you)效的用電安(an)全技術(shu)措施(shi)，根(gen)據施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的地理環境，科(ke)學(xue)化(hua)合理安(an)排，標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)管理，講(jiang)求可(ke)操(cao)作性、實用性，使方(fang)案(an)能真正指導(dao)整個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程，這樣才能少走(zou)彎路，才能達標(biao)。

    但是，目前施工中卻存在不(bu)少(shao)問(wen)題(ti)，如(ru)：

    1、有的施(shi)(shi)工單位先施(shi)(shi)工，沒有編(bian)制或審(shen)批施(shi)(shi)工方案。在實施(shi)(shi)用電過(guo)程中，哪里需要(yao)哪里用，隨意性較大，沒有統(tong)一安排，形(xing)象差、亂，根(gen)本達不(bu)(bu)到用電標(biao)準，檢查起來安全(quan)隱患(huan)不(bu)(bu)少。

    2、專(zhuan)項(xiang)方(fang)案(an)與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)現場嚴(yan)重不符，有的項(xiang)目部在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)前(qian)雖(sui)然編制、審批了專(zhuan)項(xiang)方(fang)案(an)，在現場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程中又不按(an)方(fang)案(an)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)。

    3、在編制用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)方案(an)時(shi)(shi)，不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)編制，缺少(shao)實(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)性，操(cao)作性。還在方案(an)中(zhong)出(chu)現低(di)級的(de)錯誤，比如，把(ba)臨(lin)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標準JGJ 46—2005寫成JGJ46—88。新標準在2005年(nian)7月就開始執行，舊標準同(tong)時(shi)(shi)作廢(fei)，為什(shen)么這都搞不(bu)(bu)清(qing)？分析原因有(you)3個，一(yi)，不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)專(zhuan)業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)編制，而是(shi)(shi)資料員(yuan)(yuan)或其他人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)編制，不(bu)(bu)懂用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)；二，是(shi)(shi)照(zhao)舊版本摘(zhai)錄(lu)，沒有(you)根(gen)據現場實(shi)(shi)際提(ti)出(chu)可(ke)操(cao)作性方案(an)；三，總施工(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)懂用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，審查不(bu)(bu)出(chu)來。所以，臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)臨(lin)時(shi)(shi)施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)重要一(yi)部分，起到保證整個施工(gong)(gong)進度產品質量(liang)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)，要懂得用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)重要性。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，新舊兩個標準有(you)著根(gen)本性的(de)區別，在舊的(de)基礎上，提(ti)高新的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，新的(de)標準，更(geng)明確用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)標準化管(guan)理，更(geng)安(an)全，更(geng)有(you)效(xiao)促進生(sheng)產，并提(ti)高產品質量(liang)和經濟(ji)效(xiao)益。

    4、在方(fang)案(an)編制(zhi)中，缺少現場(chang)臨時用電總平(ping)面布置(zhi)圖，配電裝置(zhi)布置(zhi)圖，配電示意圖，接地裝置(zhi)設計(ji)圖，及(ji)設備(bei)用電量總功率統計(ji)表等(deng)。這些有關圖是施(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程中的技術(shu)(shu)依據(ju)，也是提供(gong)各上級部門(men)備(bei)查資料(liao)的依據(ju)，特(te)別是企業(ye)(ye)負責人(ren)(ren)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)方(fang)案(an)的技術(shu)(shu)依據(ju)。但是，有的項目部在用電組織設計(ji)資料(liao)中沒有提供(gong)或提供(gong)不祥，給企業(ye)(ye)負責人(ren)(ren)審(shen)(shen)批(pi)帶來困難，在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)中給施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)增加(jia)難度，給施(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)增加(jia)工(gong)作(zuo)量等(deng)。

    所以，施工(gong)單位在編(bian)制(zhi)臨時用電(dian)組織(zhi)設計(ji)中(zhong)必須按照“JGJ46—2005”臨時用電(dian)技術標準中(zhong)的“3.1.4，3.1.5”強制(zhi)條(tiao)文(wen)執行。

    三、加強專業人員的管理、持證(zheng)上(shang)崗(gang)、崗(gang)位工作(zuo)制(zhi)度及(ji)用電安(an)全技(ji)術資料歸檔制(zhi)度。

  ;  目前，施工單位對專業技(ji)術人員管理工作存在(zai)以(yi)下(xia)問題：

    1、對專業技術人(ren)員培訓(xun)、再教育工作落實(shi)不(bu)到位。

    2、在(zai)施工(gong)中(zhong)持(chi)操作(zuo)證(zheng)上崗(gang)率(lv)不高，甚至(zhi)還(huan)存在(zai)無證(zheng)上崗(gang)、代崗(gang)，無專業技(ji)術(shu)知識的人在(zai)操作(zuo)的現象。

    3、用(yong)電操作制度不(bu)嚴。有制度不(bu)執行(xing)，麻木(mu)操作，違(wei)章(zhang)操作，違(wei)章(zhang)指揮現象(xiang)時有發(fa)(fa)生。電器(qi)施工人員(yuan)崗位責任心不(bu)強，雖然有上崗證，但專業(ye)技術素質不(bu)強，不(bu)硬(ying)，遇(yu)到(dao)實際問題(ti)及緊急(ji)特發(fa)(fa)事故不(bu)能果斷處理。

    4、用電技術(shu)資料建(jian)立不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)(quan)。工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)完(wan)后無資料記錄或滯后數月(yue)做資料，特別是(shi)定期檢查、自查巡查工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)建(jian)立不(bu)完(wan)善，工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)開(kai)展不(bu)夠深(shen)入(ru)。資料是(shi)反映(ying)一個工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)過程中安(an)全(quan)(quan)措施執行(xing)情(qing)況，安(an)全(quan)(quan)運行(xing)每道(dao)工(gong)(gong)序工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)情(qing)況，及(ji)發生事故或重大事故責(ze)任(ren)分析的(de)(de)有(you)力依據，所以(yi)資料的(de)(de)建(jian)立責(ze)任(ren)重大。

    四、抓(zhua)好三相五線制的落實。

    國家明確規定實行“三(san)相(xiang)五線制，是(shi)(shi)保障人身、設(she)備的(de)安全(quan)，同(tong)時強制規定施工現(xian)場必須采用TN-S接(jie)零系(xi)統，及(ji)每一用電系(xi)統不(bu)少于三(san)處重復接(jie)地”的(de)要求，但是(shi)(shi)，在(zai)施工現(xian)場，還是(shi)(shi)發現(xian)不(bu)少問題：

    1、沒有(you)按規范要求，還在(zai)使用三相四線；

    2、電(dian)纜不(bu)埋地，無保(bao)護措施，隨(sui)地拖拉，到處是導線(xian)，或導線(xian)電(dian)纜敷設在外腳手架上。一當損(sun)壞，外架鋼管全部是電(dian)，后果不(bu)堪設想。電(dian)纜埋地無標志，挖(wa)掘(jue)時挖(wa)斷(duan)電(dian)纜，產(chan)生(sheng)事故，時有(you)發(fa)生(sheng)；

    3、導(dao)線(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)沒(mei)有有效計算，無安全系數，導(dao)致線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)過少，超負荷運行，容易發(fa)生(sheng)事故或(huo)影響生(sheng)產；

    4、架空線路(lu)不(bu)規范，電桿(gan)不(bu)牢，線路(lu)對地高度距離不(bu)夠，甚至在終端轉角桿(gan)處(chu)無拉(la)線，引下線到(dao)配電箱處(chu)無套(tao)管等；

    5、TN-S系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)建立不(bu)完(wan)善(shan)，甚至施(shi)工現場沒(mei)有TN-S系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，無重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（PE），及重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)引(yin)下(xia)(xia)(xia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。有的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，未與(yu)設備(bei)外殼連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)，造(zao)成(cheng)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，導致重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)不(bu)完(wan)整，有部(bu)分線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)有，有部(bu)分沒(mei)有重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。特別強調(diao)的(de)(de)是(shi)TN-S接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)與(yu)TT-S接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)兩個(ge)完(wan)全(quan)不(bu)同(tong)概念(nian)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，其目(mu)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用安(an)全(quan)性能(neng)截(jie)然不(bu)同(tong)，不(bu)能(neng)混為一(yi)(yi)談，一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要(yao)搞清這一(yi)(yi)技術問題。個(ge)別接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)引(yin)下(xia)(xia)(xia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)敷(fu)設不(bu)規(gui)范，直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)在(zai)設備(bei)外殼上接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，這樣做法不(bu)妥，因為，一(yi)(yi)是(shi)人員在(zai)施(shi)工時走(zou)動較大，容易碰斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、影響線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)敷(fu)設；二是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)規(gui)范規(gui)定(ding)嚴禁在(zai)同(tong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)使用二個(ge)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，目(mu)的(de)(de)是(shi)提(ti)高(gao)安(an)全(quan)率，所以不(bu)允許重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)引(yin)下(xia)(xia)(xia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)在(zai)設備(bei)邊上直接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，應該是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)端(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入設備(bei)外殼，另一(yi)(yi)端(duan)與(yu)開(kai)關(guan)箱重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)柱端(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，與(yu)TN-S系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)構成(cheng)回路(lu)(lu)，再在(zai)開(kai)關(guan)箱重(zhong)(zhong)復(fu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)柱處接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)入接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)引(yin)下(xia)(xia)(xia)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)裝(zhuang)置連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)引(yin)入地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，但接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值必須達到規(gui)范要(yao)求，有的(de)(de)施(shi)工單位接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)無接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)搖表檢測(ce)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值不(bu)正確(que)。

    五(wu)、強(qiang)化配(pei)電房配(pei)電箱統一、規范管理。

    國(guo)家臨電(dian)技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)明確規定了強制性條(tiao)文：“三級(ji)(ji)配電(dian)，二(er)級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)”，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)制定了“三級(ji)(ji)配電(dian)，三級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)”的技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標準(zhun)高(gao)于(yu)國(guo)家行業(ye)(ye)(ye)標準(zhun)。各項(xiang)目(mu)部必(bi)須執行施工企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)安全技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)，這(zhe)是企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的規章，是對企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)每個員工的安全負責，是確保(bao)施工人員的人身安全，避(bi)免設備損壞(huai)造成不必(bi)要的經濟損失。

    就(jiu)目前的施工(gong)現場來講(jiang)主要有以下幾個問題：

    1、有的施工單位的配(pei)(pei)電(dian)房(fang)面積過(guo)少(shao)，不(bu)利(li)專業人員操(cao)作；洞口無(wu)防(fang)護措施；常用必備的用電(dian)工具配(pei)(pei)備不(bu)齊，防(fang)火、防(fang)爆安全措施不(bu)到位；配(pei)(pei)電(dian)房(fang)無(wu)門(men)，有門(men)不(bu)鎖(suo)，無(wu)關人員隨意進出及亂動(dong)用電(dian)設(she)備；無(wu)分路標志(zhi)，總重(zhong)復接(jie)地引下線過(guo)細，跟用電(dian)量(liang)的功率不(bu)相(xiang)符。

    2、個別配電(dian)箱不(bu)按用(yong)電(dian)規(gui)范標準配制，還在(zai)使用(yong)國家規(gui)范已淘(tao)汰的(de)產品（膠木刀(dao)型閘刀(dao)）及(ji)瓷木插式熔斷(duan)器(qi)，還有(you)不(bu)合格產品，無(wu)(wu)分(fen)路隔離裝置，甚至(zhi)空(kong)氣開(kai)關代(dai)替漏(lou)保(bao)，一保(bao)多機使用(yong)。漏(lou)保(bao)不(bu)按設備用(yong)電(dian)配置，漏(lou)保(bao)功(gong)率與(yu)設備功(gong)率翻倍，更為嚴重(zhong)的(de)是無(wu)(wu)漏(lou)保(bao)用(yong)電(dian)，對漏(lou)保(bao)無(wu)(wu)定期檢測，配電(dian)箱前材(cai)料堆滿(man)，無(wu)(wu)維修、檢查(cha)的(de)安(an)(an)全通道，配電(dian)箱內安(an)(an)裝動力插座等隱患。

    通過以上分析原因有(you)三：1、安全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理不(bu)(bu)力，責任(ren)心(xin)不(bu)(bu)強，有(you)章(zhang)不(bu)(bu)依，我行我素；2、重經(jing)濟效益，安全(quan)措(cuo)施和防護措(cuo)施不(bu)(bu)到位，項目經(jing)理不(bu)(bu)懂用電業務和用電管(guan)(guan)理，該花(hua)的錢不(bu)(bu)花(hua)，不(bu)(bu)該花(hua)的多花(hua)；3、專業技(ji)術人員技(ji)術素質較低，施工中不(bu)(bu)講究工藝，對電器產品(pin)定期檢查(cha)不(bu)(bu)嚴，資料管(guan)(guan)理歸檔不(bu)(bu)及時，巡(xun)查(cha)制(zhi)度開展不(bu)(bu)深入等(deng)等(deng)。

    現(xian)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)臨時用電或(huo)多或(huo)少存(cun)在(zai)這些通病，雖然有的(de)通病和隱患是(shi)舉手之勞就能解決，但是(shi)每次檢查還是(shi)存(cun)在(zai)。所以我(wo)們一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)加強安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管理，按章施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，牢固樹立“要(yao)(yao)我(wo)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)”轉變為(wei)“我(wo)要(yao)(yao)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)”的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)理念(nian)，組織多種形式(shi)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)教育和培訓，進一步(bu)提高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)素質及安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)技能，確保企業、人身安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)順(shun)利完工(gong)(gong)，使企業獲得效(xiao)益(yi)。