亚洲av超清无码不卡在线网络_欧美va天堂va视频va在线_中文字幕av无码一二三区电影_精品无码成人片一区二区98

廣宏內刊

GUANGHONG  PUBLICATIONS

精耕細作  專筑精品

GUANGHONG  CONSTRUCTION

廣(guang)宏內刊

工程總、分包的結算糾紛如何防范

發布日期:2008-11-24|作者:曾偉雄

    某企業(業主)A將新建(jian)廠房(fang)項(xiang)目以(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)方式發包(bao)(bao)給(gei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)B,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)B又將除樁基、主體(ti)鋼結構以(yi)外(wai)的土建(jian)、安裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任(ren)務(wu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)給(gei)某建(jian)筑施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)C承(cheng)建(jian)。B與C簽訂的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)合同約定結算條款為:“竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日期為2006年(nian)12月20日,除尾項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)外(wai),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)合格后,施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)C應向工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)B提交結算文(wen)件進行結算。”

  施(shi)工(gong)合同簽(qian)訂后,施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)C如期施(shi)工(gong),2006年12月8日業主(zhu)A啟用施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)C承建的廠房進行(xing)(xing)生(sheng)產設備安裝,2007年4月9日A業主(zhu)全面對整個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)進行(xing)(xing)接(jie)收(shou)。但整個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)項目一直未進行(xing)(xing)竣工(gong)驗收(shou)。后施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)C在竣工(gong)時(shi)間、工(gong)程(cheng)價款結(jie)算(suan)問題與(yu)工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)單位(wei)(wei)B發生(sheng)爭議,向法院起訴(su),要求工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)單位(wei)(wei)B支付工(gong)程(cheng)款及拖欠工(gong)程(cheng)款利息。而工(gong)程(cheng)總承包(bao)單位(wei)(wei)B則以整個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng)未經竣工(gong)驗收(shou),施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)C無(wu)權要求結(jie)算(suan)為由進行(xing)(xing)抗辯(bian)。

  本(ben)案的(de)(de)爭(zheng)議焦點是(shi):施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同中(zhong)約定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收合格后”是(shi)指整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收合格還是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)承包范圍內工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收合格?工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目未(wei)經(jing)(jing)正式驗(yan)(yan)收程(cheng)序(xu),業(ye)主就提前(qian)使(shi)用(yong),竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間如何確定(ding)(ding)?要說明上述問(wen)題,首先要明確采(cai)用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包模式中(zhong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承包單位(wei)與承建(jian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任(ren)務(wu)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)之間的(de)(de)法律關系,以及各自應該承擔的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)。其次要認定(ding)(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)在未(wei)經(jing)(jing)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收,業(ye)主提前(qian)使(shi)用(yong)整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng),分(fen)包工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間的(de)(de)認定(ding)(ding)。

  工程總(zong)承包中(zhong)總(zong)承包單位與分(fen)包單位的法律關系及責任劃分(fen)

  工程(cheng)(cheng)總承包(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)指從事(shi)工程(cheng)(cheng)總承包(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)企業(ye)(ye)受業(ye)(ye)主(zhu)委托,按照合同約定(ding)對工程(cheng)(cheng)項目的(de)(de)勘察、設計、采購、施工、試運行(竣工驗(yan)收)等實行全(quan)過程(cheng)(cheng)或若干階段的(de)(de)承包(bao)(bao)(bao)。工程(cheng)(cheng)分包(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)指工程(cheng)(cheng)總承包(bao)(bao)(bao)人將其所承包(bao)(bao)(bao)工程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)專業(ye)(ye)工程(cheng)(cheng)發包(bao)(bao)(bao)給具有相應資(zi)質的(de)(de)其它建筑企業(ye)(ye)完成的(de)(de)行為(wei)。

  根(gen)據《合同法(fa)》272條規(gui)定,總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人經發包(bao)人同意,除地基及主(zhu)體等必須由(you)(you)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人自行完(wan)成的(de)主(zhu)體結構施工外,可以將(jiang)自己(ji)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)的(de)部分(fen)(fen)工作交由(you)(you)具(ju)備相應資(zi)質條件的(de)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)單位完(wan)成。分(fen)(fen)包(bao)人就(jiu)其完(wan)成的(de)工作成果(guo)與總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)人向發包(bao)人承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔連帶責任。該規(gui)定確定了分(fen)(fen)包(bao)人僅就(jiu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)范圍(wei)內的(de)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工程承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔責任的(de)基本原則。

  本(ben)案中工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總承(cheng)包(bao)單位B與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位C之間為(wei)總分包(bao)關系,施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位C僅就承(cheng)包(bao)范(fan)圍內的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)擔責任。分包(bao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)(he)(he)同中“除尾項工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)”的“工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”沒有明確約定是指整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)的情況下(xia),按(an)照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位僅應就承(cheng)包(bao)范(fan)圍內的分包(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)擔責任的基本(ben)原則,應理解(jie)為(wei)分包(bao)單位承(cheng)包(bao)范(fan)圍內的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收合(he)(he)(he)格(ge),而非整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)。

  當然(ran),在(zai)工程(cheng)總承包或(huo)施工總承包模式中,如果分(fen)包合同要(yao)以(yi)工程(cheng)竣(jun)工驗(yan)收(shou)合格(ge)作為提交(jiao)結(jie)算文件的前(qian)提條件,最(zui)好明(ming)確約定是(shi)整個(ge)工程(cheng)竣(jun)工驗(yan)收(shou)合格(ge)還是(shi)分(fen)包工程(cheng)竣(jun)工驗(yan)收(shou)合格(ge),以(yi)避(bi)免產生(sheng)不必要(yao)的爭議。

  工程在未經竣工驗收,業主提前使用整(zheng)個工程,分包工程竣工時間(jian)如(ru)何認定

  《最(zui)高人(ren)民(min)法院關于審理建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)合同糾紛案件適用法律問(wen)題的解(jie)釋》第14條規定(ding):“建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)未(wei)經竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收,發包人(ren)擅(shan)自使用的,以(yi)轉移(yi)占(zhan)有建(jian)設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)之(zhi)日為竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)日期。”

  司(si)法解釋適用的(de)范圍為(wei)建設(she)工(gong)程施工(gong)合(he)(he)同,但是否能(neng)適用為(wei)工(gong)程總承包(bao)合(he)(he)同,以及本案中工(gong)程總承包(bao)單位與分包(bao)單位之間的(de)分包(bao)施工(gong)合(he)(he)同?

  我(wo)們(men)認為,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承包合同(tong)(tong)(tong)實際上包含勘(kan)查合同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)(xi)、設(she)計合同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)(xi)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)(xi)、采(cai)購合同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)(xi)等。因(yin)此(ci),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承包中(zhong)有關施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)糾紛(fen)應適用該司(si)法解釋。本案中(zhong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承包單位與施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位之間的法律關系(xi)(xi)屬建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)關系(xi)(xi),理應適用該司(si)法解釋。

  按照(zhao)該(gai)司法解(jie)釋第(di)14條規定(ding),本(ben)(ben)案中整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)應(ying)以(yi)業主轉移(yi)占(zhan)有(you)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)之日(ri)作為實(shi)際竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)期。而(er)本(ben)(ben)案中,應(ying)從(cong)何時(shi)(shi)認定(ding)“擅自(zi)使用(yong)”?應(ying)以(yi)哪個(ge)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)點為“轉移(yi)占(zhan)有(you)之日(ri)”即“竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)日(ri)期”?

  有人(ren)認為(wei),司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)“擅(shan)自(zi)(zi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)”是指(zhi)發包人(ren)未(wei)經(jing)承包人(ren)同(tong)意而使(shi)(shi)用(yong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng),如果(guo)發包人(ren)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)獲(huo)得(de)了承包人(ren)的同(tong)意,就不應該認定(ding)為(wei)“擅(shan)自(zi)(zi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)”。這是對(dui)司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)“擅(shan)自(zi)(zi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)”的誤解(jie)(jie)。司法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)的“擅(shan)自(zi)(zi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)”是針(zhen)對(dui)《建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)》第61條(tiao)的規定(ding),在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)未(wei)經(jing)竣工(gong)驗(yan)收或竣工(gong)驗(yan)收不合格(ge)的情況(kuang)下,業主對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的行為(wei)。

  所謂“使用(yong)”,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)該工程的(de)使用(yong)功能的(de)行(xing)為。對于廠房(fang)來說,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)廠房(fang)來安裝設備(bei)、組織生(sheng)產;對于辦公樓(lou),就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)作(zuo)辦公場所開展辦公活動;對于住宅,就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)搬入住房(fang)進行(xing)生(sheng)活起(qi)居。因(yin)此,業主在車間(jian)內進行(xing)設備(bei)安裝活動就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)對廠房(fang)的(de)使用(yong)行(xing)為。

  本案中,2006年(nian)(nian)12月8日(ri)(ri)業主A啟用(yong)廠房(fang)進行(xing)生產設(she)備安裝,2007年(nian)(nian)4月9日(ri)(ri)A全面對(dui)整(zheng)(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進行(xing)接收。因此,應認定施工(gong)(gong)單位承包范圍內(nei)的分包工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)于(yu)2006年(nian)(nian)12月8日(ri)(ri)已經竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong),整(zheng)(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)于(yu)2007年(nian)(nian)4月9日(ri)(ri)也(ye)已經竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)。

  工程(cheng)總承包(bao)單(dan)位與分包(bao)單(dan)位結算常見問題及防范(fan)建議

  通過上面的案例,可以發現在工(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)中,總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)(wei)往(wang)往(wang)是將(jiang)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)任務(wu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)給一個或(huo)幾個施工(gong)單位(wei)(wei)承(cheng)建。而整個工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收是由業(ye)主與工(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)(wei)來進行,通常(chang)工(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)(wei)、業(ye)主、分(fen)包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)(wei)不會(hui)針對(dui)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)進行專門的竣(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收,如果(guo)工(gong)程(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)(wei)怠(dai)于向業(ye)主提請竣(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)(yan)收,則往(wang)往(wang)造成分(fen)包(bao)(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)的實際竣(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時間難以確定。

  即使工(gong)程(cheng)總承包單位在(zai)整個工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)后(hou),及時向(xiang)業主(zhu)提(ti)出工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收,也只能將整個工(gong)程(cheng)竣(jun)工(gong)的時間視(shi)為分包工(gong)程(cheng)的竣(jun)工(gong)時間,這也是總包人與分包人發生(sheng)爭議較多的原因。

   此(ci)外除(chu)分包(bao)(bao)合同明確約定分包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)(jian)以整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)(jian)為(wei)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)(jian)外,如一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)要求分包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)僅應就承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)范圍內的(de)(de)分包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程承(cheng)擔責任,另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)又實際上以整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)(jian)作為(wei)分包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)竣(jun)(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)(jian),對于分包(bao)(bao)單位(wei)來說顯屬(shu)不公。

  因(yin)此,建議除分(fen)(fen)包(bao)合(he)同明確約定(ding)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時(shi)間以(yi)整個工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時(shi)間為(wei)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時(shi)間外(wai),為(wei)了(le)避免以(yi)整個工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時(shi)間作為(wei)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時(shi)間而對(dui)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)不公的(de)情況,在分(fen)(fen)包(bao)合(he)同中應對(dui)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)時(shi)間以(yi)及分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)驗(yan)收進行(xing)(xing)專門(men)(men)的(de)約定(ding),即約定(ding)在分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)完工(gong)后,由業主(zhu)、工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)總承包(bao)單(dan)位(wei)、監(jian)理單(dan)位(wei)對(dui)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進行(xing)(xing)專門(men)(men)的(de)竣(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)工(gong)驗(yan)收程(cheng)(cheng)序。(曾偉雄(xiong))

廣宏建設集團有限公司 版權所有